Banking

Chapter 13

Reserve Bank of India

• The reserve bank of India is a central bank and was established in April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions of reserve bank of India act 1934. The central office of RBI is located at Mumbai.
• RBI is governed by a central board (headed by a governor) appointed by the central Government of India. RBI has 22 regional offices across India. The Central Government to represent four local bodies comprises the headquarters at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and New Delhi.
• Functions of RBI as a central bank of India as follows:
  Bank of Issue:-
  The RBI is a regulator of monetary policy. Its main objective is maintaining price stability and ensuring adequate flow of credit to productive sector.

Regulator-Supervisor of the financial system:-
RBI prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the country’s banking and financial system functions. Their main objective is to maintain public confidence in the system, protect depositor’s interest and provide cost effective banking services to the public.

Manager of exchange control:-
The manager of exchange control department manages the foreign exchange, according to the foreign exchange management act, 1999. The manager’s main objective is to facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.

Issuer of currency:-
A person one who works as an issuer, issues and exchange or destroy the currency and coins that are not fit for circulation. His main objective is to give the public adequate quantity of supplies of currency notes and coins and in good quality.

Developmental role:-
The RBI performs the wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives such as contests, coupons maintaining good public relations and many more.

Related functions:-
There are also some of the related functions to the above mentioned main functions. They are such as banker to the government, banker to banks etc.

Banker to Government:-

Banker to government performs merchant banking function for the central and the State governments; also acts as their banker. Banker to banks maintains banking accounts to all scheduled banks.

Controller of Credit:-
RBI performs the following tasks:
a.) It holds the cash reserves of all the scheduled banks.
b.) It controls the credit operations of banks through quantitative and qualitative controls.
c.) It controls the banking system through the system of licensing, inspection and calling for information.
d.) It acts as the lender of the last resort by providing rediscount facilities to scheduled banks.

Supervisory Functions:-
The Reserve Bank Act 1934 and the banking regulation act 1949 have given the RBI wide powers of supervision and control over commercial and co-operative banks, relating to licensing and establishments, branch expansion, liquidity of their assets, management and methods of working, amalgamation, reconstruction and liquidation.
The supervisory functions of the RBI have helped a great deal in improving 31 the standard of banking in India to develop on sound lines and to improve the methods of their operation.

Chapter 14

Indian Scheduled Commercial Banks

The commercial banking structure in India consists of scheduled commercial banks, and unscheduled banks.

Scheduled Banks:-
Scheduled Banks in India constitute those banks which have been included in the second schedule of RBI act 1934. For the purpose of assessment of performance of banks, the Reserve Bank of India categories those banks as public sector banks, old private sector banks, new private sector banks and foreign banks, i.e. private sector, public sector, and foreign banks come under the scheduled commercial banks.

Unscheduled Banks:-
“Unscheduled Bank in India” means a banking company as defined in clause (c) of section 5 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949), which is not a scheduled bank”.

Regional Rural Bank:-
The government of India set up Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) on October 2, I975. The banks provide credit to the weaker sections of the rural areas, particularly the small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers, and small Entrepreneurs.

NABARD:-

NABARD is an apex development bank with an authorization for facilitating credit flow for promotion and development of agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other rural crafts.
NABARD is entrusted with:
1. Providing refinance to lending institutions in rural areas
2. Bringing about or promoting institutions development and
3. Evaluating, monitoring and inspecting the client banks
Besides this fundamental role, NABARD also:
a.) Act as a coordinator in the operations of rural credit institutions
b.) To help sectors of the economy that they have special credit needs for e. g. Housing, small business and agricultural loans etc.

Chapter 15

TYPES OF BANKS
Commercial banks, which dominate this industry, offer a full range of services for individuals, businesses, and Governments. These banks come in a wide range of sizes, from large global banks to regional and community banks.

Global banks are involved in international lending and foreign currency trading, in addition to the more typical banking services.

Regional banks have numerous branches and automated teller machine (ATM) locations throughout a multi-state area that provide banking services to individuals. Banks have become more oriented toward marketing and sales. As a result, employees need to know about all types of products and services offered by banks.

Community banks are based locally and offer more personal attention, which many individuals and small businesses prefer. In recent years, online banks—which provide all services entirely over the Internet— have entered the market, with some success.
However, many traditional banks have also expanded to offer online banking, and some formerly Internet- only banks are opting to open branches.

Savings banks and savings and loan associations, sometimes called thrift institutions, are the second largest group of depository institutions. They were first established as community-based institutions to finance mortgages for people to buy homes and still cater mostly to the savings and lending needs of individuals.

Credit unions are another kind of depository institution. Most credit unions are formed by people with a common bond, such as those who Work for the same company or belong to the same labour union or church. Members pool their savings and, when they need money, they may borrow from the credit union, often at a lower interest rate than that demanded by other financial institutions.

Federal Reserve banks are Government agencies that perform many financial services for the Government. Their chief responsibilities are to regulate the banking industry and to help implement our Nation’s monetary policy so our economy can run more efficiently.

Chapter 16

IMPORTANT BANKING TERMS

Repo Rate:-
Repo rate is the rate at which our banks borrow rupees from RBI. Whenever the banks have any shortage of funds they can borrow it from RBI. A reduction in the repo rate will help banks to get money at a cheaper rate. When the repo rate increases, borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive.

Reverse Repo Rate:-
This is exact opposite of Repo rate. Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which Reserve Bank of India (RBI) borrows money from banks. RBI uses this tool when it feels there is too much money floating in the banking system. Banks are always happy to lend money to RBI since their money is in safe hands with a good interest. An increase in Reverse repo rate can cause the banks to transfer more funds to RBI due to these attractive interest rates.

CRR Rate:-
Cash reserve Ratio (CRR) is the amount of funds that the banks have to keep with RBI. If RBI decides to increase the percent of this, the available amount with the banks comes down. RBI is using this method (increase of CRR rate), to drain out the excessive money from the banks.

SLR Rate:-
SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) is the amount a commercial bank needs to maintain in the form of cash, or gold or govt. Approved securities (Bonds) before providing credit to its customers.
SLR rate is determined and maintained by the RBI (Reserve Bank of India) in order to control the expansion of bank credit.
Bank Rate:-
Bank rate, also referred to as the discount rate, is the rate of interest which a central bank charges on the loans and advances that it extends to commercial banks and other financial intermediaries. Changes in the bank rate are often used by central banks to control the money supply.

Inflation:-
Inflation is as an increase in the price of bunch of Goods and services that projects the Indian economy. An increase in inflation figures occurs when there is an increase in the average level of prices in Goods and services. Inflation happens when there are fewer Goods and more buyers; this will result in increase in the price of Goods, since there is more demand and less supply of the goods.

Deflation:-
Deflation is the continuous decrease in prices of goods and services. Deflation occurs when the inflation rate becomes negative (below zero) and stays there for a longer period.

Stagflation:-
Stagflation is a state of economy in which economic activity is slowing down but Wages and prices continue to rise. The term is a blend of words stagnation and inflation.

Recession:-
A true economic recession can only be confinned if GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth is negative for a period of two or more consecutive quarters.

PLR:-
The Prime Interest Rate is the interest rate charged by banks to their most creditworthy customers (usually the most prominent and stable business customers). The rate is almost always the same amongst major banks. Adjustments to the prime rate are made by banks at the same time; although, the prime rate does not adjust on any regular basis. The Prime Rate is usually adjusted at the same time and in correlation to the adjustments of the Fed Funds Rate. The rates reported below are based upon the prime rates on the first day of each respective month. Some banks use the name “Reference Rate” or “Base Lending Rate” to refer to their Prime Lending Rate.

Deposit Rate:-
Interest Rates paid by a depository institution on the cash on deposit.

FII:-
FII (Foreign Institutional Investor) used to denote an investor, mostly in the form of an institution. An institution established outside India, which proposes to invest in Indian market, in other words buying Indian stocks. FII’s generally buy in large volumes which has an impact on the stock markets. Institutional Investors includes pension funds, mutual funds, Insurance Companies, Banks, etc.

FDI:-
FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) occurs with the purchase of the “physical assets or a significant amount of ownership (stock) of a company in another country in order to gain a measure of management control” (Or) A foreign company having a stake in Indian Company.

IPO:-
IPO is Initial Public Offering. This is the first offering of shares to the general public from a company wishes to list on the stock exchanges.

Disinvestment:-
The Selling of the Government stake in public sector undertaking.

Fiscal Deficit:-
It is the difference between the Government’s total receipts (excluding borrowings) and total expenditure.

Revenue deficit:-
It defines that, where the net amount received (by taxes & other forms) fails to meet the predicted net amount to be received by the Government.

GDP:-
Gross National Product is measured as GDP plus income of residents from investments made abroad minus income earned by foreigners in domestic market.

National Income:-
National Income is the money value of all goods and services produced in a country during the year.

Per Capita Income:-
The national income of a country or region divided by its population. Per capita income is often used to measure a country‘s standard of living.

Vote on Account:-
A vote-on account is basically a statement, where the Government presents an estimate of a sum required to meet the expenditure that it incurs during the first three to four months of an election financial year until a new Government is in place, to keep the machinery running.

Difference between Vote on Account and Interim Budget:-
Vote-on-account deals only with the expenditure side of the government’s budget, an interim Budget is a complete set of accounts, including both expenditure and receipts.

SDR:-
The SDR (Special Drawing Rights) is an artificial currency created by the IMF in 1969. SDR’s are allocated to member countries and can be fully converted into international currencies so they serve as a supplement to the official foreign reserves of member countries. Its value is based on a basket of key International currencies (U.S. dollar, euro, yen and pound sterling).

SEZ:-
SEZ means Special Economic Zone is the one of the part of government’s policies in India. A special Economic zone is a geographical region that economic laws which are more liberal than the usual economic laws in the country. The basic motto behind this is to increase foreign investment, development of infrastructure, job opportunities and increase the income level of the people

Monetary policy:-
A Monetary policy is the process by which the government, central bank, of a country controls (i) the supply of money, (ii) availability of money and (iii) cost of money or rate of interest, in order to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy.

Fiscal Policy:-
Fiscal policy is the use of government spending and revenue collection to influence the economy. These policies affect tax rates, interest rates and Government spending, in an effort to control the economy. Fiscal policy is an additional method to determine public revenue and public expenditure.

Core Banking Solutions (CBS):-
Core banking is a general term used to describe the services provided by a group of networked bank branches. Bank customers may access their funds and other simple transactions from any of the member branch offices. It will cut down time, working simultaneously on different issues and increasing efficiency. The platform where communication technology and information technology are merged to suit core needs of banking is known as Core Banking Solutions.

Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF):-
A tool used in monetary policy that allows banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements. This arrangement allows banks to respond to liquidity pressures and is used by Governments to assure basic stability in the financial markets.

RTGS System:-
The acronym ‘RTGS’ stands for Real Time Gross Settlement. RTGS system is a funds transfer mechanism where transfer of money takes place from one bank to another on a ‘real time’ and on ‘gross’ basis. This is the fastest possible money transfer system through the banking channel. Settlement in ‘real time‘ means payment transaction is not subjected to any waiting period. The transactions are settled as soon as they are processed. ‘Gross settlement’ means the transaction is settled on one to one basis without bunching with any other transaction.

Bancassurance:-
It is the term used to describe the partnership or relationship between a bank and an insurance company whereby the insurance company uses the bank sales channel in order to sell insurance products.

Wholesale Price Index:-
The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is the index used to measure the changes in the average price level of goods traded in wholesale market. A total of 435 commodity prices make up the index. It is available on a weekly basis. It is generally taken as an indicator of the inflation rate in the Indian economy. The Indian Wholesale Price Index (WPI) was first published in 1902, and was used by policy makers until it was replaced by the Producer Price Index (PPI) in 1978.

Consumer price Index (CPI):-
It is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households.

Venture Capital:-
Venture capital is money provided by an outside investor to finance a new, growing, or troubled business. The venture capitalist provides the funding knowing that there’s a significant risk associated with the company’s future profits and cash flow. Capital is invested in exchange for an equity stake in the business rather than given as a loan, and the investor hopes the investment will yield a better-than-average return.

Treasury Bills:-
Treasury Bills (T-Bills) are short term, Rupee denominated obligations issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on behalf of the Government of India. They are thus useful in managing short-term liquidity. At present, The Government of India issues three types of treasury bills through auctions, namely, 91-day, 182-day and 364-day. There are no treasury bills issued by State Governments.

Foreign exchange reserves:-
Foreign exchange reserves (also called Forex resen/es) in a strict sense are only the foreign currency deposits and bonds held by central banks and monetary authorities. However, the term in popular usage commonly includes foreign exchange and gold and IMF reserve positions.

Open Market operations (OMO):-
Buying and selling of Government securities in the open market in order to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system by RBI. Open market operations are the principal tools of monetary policy.

Micro Credit:-
It is a term used to extend small loans to very poor people for self-employment projects that generate income, allowing them to care for themselves and their families.

Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAP):-
A tool used in monetary policy that allows banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements. This arrangement allows banks to respond to liquidity pressures and is used by Governments to assure basic stability in the financial markets.

E-Governance:-
E-Governance is the public sector’s use of information and communication technologies with the aim of improving information and service delivery, encouraging citizen participation in the decision-making process and making government more accountable, transparent and effective.

Credit Rating Agencies in India:-
The credit rating agencies in India mainly include ICRA and CRISIL. ICRA Was formerly referred to the Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India Limited. Their main function is to grade the different sector and companies in terms of performance and offer solutions for up gradation. The credit rating agencies in India mainly include ICRA and CRJSIL (Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited)
Cheque:-
Cheque is a negotiable instrument instnicting a Bank to pay a specific amount from a specified account held in the maker/depositor’s name with that Bank. A bill of exchange had drawn a specified banker and payable on demand. “A written order directs a bank to pay money”.

Demand Draft:-
A demand draft is an instrument used for effecting transfer of money. It is a Negotiable Instrument. Cheque and Demand-Draft both are used for Transfer of money. You can 100% trust a DD. It is a banker‘s check. A check may be dishonored for lack of funds a DD cannot. Cheque is written by an individual and Demand draft is issued by a bank. People believe banks more than individuals.
SEBI:-
Securities and exchange Broad of India (SEBI) is the regulator for the Securities Market in India. Originally set up by the Government of India in 1988, it acquired statutory form in 1992 with SEBI Act 1992 being passed by the Indian Parliament.

Mutual funds:-
Mutual funds are investment companies that pool money from investors at large and offer to sell and buy back its shares on a continuous basis and use the capital thus raised to invest in securities of different companies. The mutual fund will have a fund manager that trades the pooled money on a regular basis. The net proceeds or losses are then typically distributed to the investors annually.
Asset Management Companies:-
A company that invests its clients‘ pooled fund into securities that match its declared financial objectives. Asset management companies provide investors with more diversification and investing options than they would have by themselves. Mutual funds, hedge funds and pension plans are all run by asset management companies. These companies earn income by charging service fees to their clients.
Non-performing assets (NPA):-
Non-performing assets, also called non-performing loans, are loans, made by a bank or finance company, on which repayments or interest payments are not being made on time. A debt obligation where the borrower has not paid any previously agreed upon interest and principal repayments to the designated lender for an extended period of time. The nonperforming asset is therefore not yielding any income to the lender in the form of principal and interest payments.
Recession:-
A true economic recession can only be confirmed if GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth is negative for a period of two or more consecutive quarters.

Chapter 17

Banking Terms